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In this video, we'll learn about the c++ if statement.

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The if statement is the most basic of the c++ selection statements

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and his syntax couldn't be any simpler.

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We start with the if keyword.

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And this is followed with the control expression in parentheses.

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The control expression must evaluate to a Boolean true false value.

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If the value of the expression is true, then the statement is executed.

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Otherwise, the statement is skipped.

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Note that the statement is indented.

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We indented our code in the main function

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but indentation is a very important element of style

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that we need to start getting used to right away.

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By indenting the statement, it makes it easier for someone reading the code

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to see that the statement is part of the if statement.

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Remember, indentation and style is just for us human programmers

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to help us see the structure of the code.

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The compiler doesn't care where you place the statement.

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So you can see how simple an if statement is.

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Let's see conceptually what's going on in the if statement.

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Suppose we have this code. If num is greater than 10,

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increment num by 1.

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The expression num greater than 10 will be evaluated to true or false.

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If it's true, then num will be incremented. If it's false,

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no increment will take place.

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The flowchart on the right shows visually what the flow of control looks like.

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Let's see some simple examples of if statements.

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In the first if statement,

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we're checking if selection is equal to the character a.

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If it is, then we execute the output statement.

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If it is false we skip the output statement.

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In the second example we're checking if num is greater than 10.

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If it is, we execute the output statement.

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In the last example,

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we're using the and logical operator in the control expression.

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In this case, we check to see if health is less than 100

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and player healed is true.

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If both these expressions are true,

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then the entire control expression is true,

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and we set the player's health to 100. Otherwise, we skip the statement.

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What if you want to execute more than one statement if the condition is true.

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Well, that's where block statements come in.

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A block statement is a sequence of statements inside a block

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which is made up of opening and closing curly brackets.

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Notice the code on the left.

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The two statements in the body of the if statement are inside curly braces.

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If num is greater than 10,

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then the block statement is executed which means that the increment

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and the output statements are both executed.

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The diagram on the right shows a visual representation of the control flow.

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Let's talk a little more about blocks.

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We've actually already seen a block statement.

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Remember, the main function we've been using in all our programs so far,

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it has an open curly at the beginning and a closed curly at the end.

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This is a block statement and we had sequences of statements in the block statement.

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Block statements introduce a new level of scope.

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We'll talk about scope as we go through examples in this course.

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But just like we declared variables in the main block,

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we can declare variables in any block, even in a block that's inside an if statement.

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Variables that we declare in a block are only visible to statements that are also in the same block.

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This lets us modularize our code so we have better control of who sees what,

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which makes writing and debugging our code easier.

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Let's head over to the IDE and we'll see some if statements in action.

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Okay. So I'm in the CodeLite IDE.

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I'm in the section 9 workspace in the if statement project.

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And what i want to do here is I want to create

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a simple program where we'll create four different if statements. Let me show you what we'll do.

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Let's say we've got a number line here and there's a minimum of 10

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and the max is 100,

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let's say, here. What I want to do is i want to ask the user to enter an integer

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and I want to be able to check that the integer is greater than or equal to 10.

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So that'll be one of the if statements.

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I want to make sure that the integer they entered is less than

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or equal to 100,that would be the second one.

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The third if statement I want to write is I want to be sure that that

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integer they enter is within that balance,

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so between 10 and 100 including 10 and 100.

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That'll be the third one. And then the fourth if statement we'll write is we'll check that boundary condition,

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so we want to know whether it's actually equal to 10 or equal to 100.

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So those are the four if statements we'll write, and we'll talk a little bit about

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if statements as we go.

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So first thing I want to do is i want to create some variables.

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I need an integer, I'll just call it num

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and I'll initialize it to 0. This is where I'm going to read the integer from the user into.

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Then I need to model those boundaries, so I'll use constants for that.

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I'll just say min and max. And we'll set min to 10,

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and we'll set max to 100.

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Okay. So that represents those boundaries.

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So the first thing I'll do is I'll ask the user to enter

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a number between

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min and max.

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Okay. Simple as that, and let me put a little

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call on here so they can see what they're doing.

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And then what we'll do is we'll read that into nom.

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That's the only input we're going to be able to get in this program,

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just a simple integer we'll get it from the user.

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Enter a number between min and max. Let's test that. Make sure we didn't make any mistakes.

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Enter a number between 10 and 100, exactly.

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And I'm entering 10. I'm doing nothing right now with it.

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And let me just get rid of that little extra space that I had there.

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Okay. So now let's write our first if statement, that'll be number one here.

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So I'm simply going to say if the number that the user entered

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is greater than or equal to 10, which in this case is min

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then all I really want to say is

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there's my output statement I'm going to say num,

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and I'll say is greater than min.

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That's it. All right. So let's test that out.

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So when I am going to type something greater than 10 now, I'm going to type in 20.

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That if statement should fire. And I get 20 is greater than 10. Perfect.

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Now if i type something in that is not greater than 10,

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let's say, 5, I should see no output,

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which is exactly what happens because that statement will be skipped.

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Now suppose that I want to display something else,

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I want to execute more than just that one statement.

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This is where you need a block. So I'll create a curly here,

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and I'll put a curly down here below the if.

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That establishes a block. Notice that I'm indenting. I'm not writing all my code

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all flush on the left.

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If you indent, it's much easier to see the structure of the code.

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And as you indent further and further and you nest things one within, the other

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the structure of the code really jumps out at you, and it's very easy to follow.

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So in this case, I want to

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do a statement right up here since we're going to write four if statements. I'm going to say

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let's do a slash and to give me a new line at the beginning,

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and I'm just going to put some dashes and then I'm going to say if

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statement one. I'll put some more dashes here at the end.

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You'll see why I'm doing that in a little bit.

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Okay. So if we run that now, we should see

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both of those lines display. So I'll enter something greater than 10,

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I'll put in there 30,

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and those are both my lines. My if statement one line as well as the

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30 is greater than 10. So again, really simple anytime you want to execute

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more than one line of code or more than one statement,

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you need to wrap them up in a block.

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Now suppose that I also want to display how far away that is from min,

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and what's the difference between the number that I entered and min.

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Well, I could just subtract, right. It's pretty simple.

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So we could create an integer here,and I'll just call it let me

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create a little space here.

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Okay. I'll call I have an integer. I'll just call it diff for the difference,

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and I'll initialize that to the number the user typed in

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minus the min, right.

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Because I know it's greater than min, so that's going to be positive.

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And then I'll just say cout

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the number you entered

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is,

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and I'll use diff here. They might the difference amount.

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And I know it's greater.

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And I know it's greater than min.

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That's it.

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Now it's really important to understand a couple of things here.

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One is this variable, I'm declaring that variable diff

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inside the block. You can see the block right here. There's one curly.

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There's the other curly.

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So what that means is that, that variable

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diff is only available to the statements

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after I've declared it inside the block basically. So it's only this block.

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That's it. Nothing else can see that variable. This is a good thing.

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If that diff gets a really screwy value in there and it's really out of whack,

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well then the only place it could have changed that is this block. So I know exactly where to look.

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Okay. So let me clear a little bit of that,

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and what I'll do now is let's run this

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and see if this is correct.

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So I'm going to enter a number between 10 and 20 and 100 and say 150.

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I know that that is greater than 10 and I know that it's 40 away from 10.

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So that's what I'm expecting. And there's my if statement one,

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50 is greater than 10 and 50 is 40 greater than 10. Perfect.

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If I again type something in like 5, I'll get no output,

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which is perfect. That's exactly where I want to be.

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So that takes care of that first if statement.

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Now let's write the second if statement.

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This one we're going to check to see if the number is less than or equal to max,

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right. So it's the same idea. I'm just going to say if the number

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is less than or equal to the max, that's the upper bound.

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Then I want to display this c out statement. Let me just copy and paste that.

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And I'll just change this to a 2. So that's my if statement 2.

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And over here, I want to say that my num

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is less than in this case.

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Actually, it should be less than or equal to, right.

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I should fix that up here because it should -- I know that it's greater than

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or equal to since that's what I'm doing in my condition.

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Let's fix that real quick. There we go. That should do it. In this case,

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it's less than or equal to max.

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Okay. And let's do the difference here as well.

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Now here, if I say -- if I just do something like diff is

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equal to max minus num,

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which is the calculation I want to do but when I compile this you're going to get an error.

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It's going to say diff was not declared in the scope because

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diff is gone now. Diff was declared in this block.

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That block is finished, so diff isn't even visible anymore.

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So i need to create another if diff. So if i just say int

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diff,

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and I'll just initialize it to max minus num.

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Similar to what i did above.

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This creates a new copy of that integer diff that's only visible to this block here.

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Now sure I could have just created that diff way up here

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like I did with num and it would be visible to everybody. But I just wanted to show you how the scope rules work.

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Okay. So there's my diff, and I'm going to say cout.

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The number you entered is diff amount.

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In this case, less than max.

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In this case, less than

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max.

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And I'll finish that off. Okay. So let's run this, test this out.

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All right. So let's type a number

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like 80.

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We expect

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both those if statements to fire, right because 80 is greater than 10 and it's also less than 100,

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less than or equal to 100. So there we go. Both if statements fire,

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80 is greater than or equal to 10. 80 is 70 greater than 10.

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And over here we're saying 80 is less than or equal to 100.

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And it's 20 less than 100. So both those if statements fire.

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But let's test this with other numbers here.

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So let's say I type in 150.

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In this case, only if statement one fires because 150 is greater than or equal to 10,

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but it's not less than or equal to 100.

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Okay. Same thing if I type in,

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let's say, 5.

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Only if statement two fires now.

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Okay. So hopefully that makes sense. So now

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the third if statement we want to write is the one that's right here.

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It's going to check to make sure that that is within the bounds.

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Okay. So in this case what we'll say is we'll say if

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the number the user entered

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is greater than or equal to the min

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and the number the user entered

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is less than or equal to the max.

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Remember, you've got to do this here with num.

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You've got to write that word in you can't just say less than we go to max.

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You've got to say num less than or equal to max.

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Again, I'll have my block statement here notice that when i type that beginning curly,

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CodeLite finishes it off with the closed curly.

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And let's copy this guy right here.

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And we'll say that this is if statement three.

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And in this case, we'll just say something like cout,

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num

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is in range let's say.

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Okay. So we know that it's within that range.

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There's no difference here to take care of we could do differences. But let's just do that.

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What's interesting here is that statement three

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will only execute

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when statements 1 and 2 execute, right, because we're in range. We're greater than 10 and less than 100.

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So let's write that down as well. We'll say cout.

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This means statements one and two

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must also be true

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or must also display, in this case. Let's just say display.

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Okay. Hopefully, that makes sense because you can see what's going on here.

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If I entered a number that's in range somewhere in here,

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then obviously this is going to be true and this is going to

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be true. So we'll have all three of those statements displaying.

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Okay. So we'll run this and test it we'll enter a number in the middle. Let's put in 50.

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Notice all three if statements fire, which is exactly what we'd expect.

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If we type in a number that's greater than 100,

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only if statement one fires. And if we enter a number

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that's less than 10, only if statement two fires.

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Okay. So now the last one we'll do is we'll actually check to see if there it's right on those boundary

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conditions. So we'll say if the number the user entered

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is equal to the min

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or the number the user entered is equal to the max.

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Notice how you have to have that or in there.

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The and would not work because it's never going to be equal to both.

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So in this case, we just care if it's equal to one or the other.

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In which case, we'll output statement four.

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We'll change that to a four real quick, and I'll leave this code available for you guys to play with afterward

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and mess around with all you like. And then what we'll say is cout

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num is right on a boundary.

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And what's neat about this one is that if this one fires then all four statements

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must be fired. So again I'll say

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that all four display.

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And we'll give this a quick test.

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Okay. So let's do one of the boundary conditions 10. There you go.

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All four if statements fire because 10 obviously --

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we're in the range, we're on the boundary,

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we're greater than one side and we're less than the other. So we're good here.

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And again if I just type a 5,

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only that second if statement fires. So you can see some of the logic.

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Now what's important to understand here, let me just clear the screen real quick.

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What's important to understand here is a couple of things.

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One is these are independent if statements. There are no elses in here.

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We'll talk about else's in the next video.

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So this statement will execute. So that condition is checked.

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If this condition is true, we execute this code.

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Then we come here and we check this condition.

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So we're basically checking the condition for

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all four of those if statements.

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Okay. So hopefully that gives you some insight into if statements. They're pretty straightforward.

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Remember, this condition we have in here

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could be anything.

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We could use relational operators like we're doing here.

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We can use equality operators like we're doing down here.

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We're comparing num and min. We could use logical operators like we're doing right here.

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And we can use all kinds of combinations of these things as well.

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Okay. So that finishes up off this video.

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In the next video, what we'll do is we'll talk about the if else statement.