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In this video, we'll see how
we can nest if statements

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within other if statements.

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Many times the logic we need to use
in order to solve problems is more

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complex than just an if else decision.

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Many times we need
several layers of logic.

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Since an if or if else statement is
a statement, then we can use it in

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c++ anywhere a statement is legal.

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So in this case, we can replace
the statement part of the if

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statement with an entire if
else statement if we want.

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That's exactly what
this example shows.

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Notice the indentation.

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It becomes even more important now.

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In this case, we can test multiple
complex conditions easily.

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So we evaluate expression1.

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And if it's false, we skip everything.

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But if it's true, then
we test expression2.

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And if it's true, we
execute statement1.

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If it's false, we execute statement2.

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We can continue by including if
or if else statements as we need.

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Notice that we have two
ifs and only one else.

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In computer science, this is
called the dangling else problem.

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And every programming language
has to decide how to handle it.

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The problem is which if
does that else belong to.

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In c++, an else belongs
to the closest if.

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Of course, we can use block statements
to achieve any logic we want.

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Let's see another example.

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In this example, we check
if score is greater than 90.

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If it is not, then we skip down
to the bottom output statement,

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and we display sorry no a.

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If the score is greater than
90, then we check the nested if

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statement condition and check
if score is greater than 95.

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If it is then we display an A+.

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If it's not, we display an A.

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In this slide, we can see a flowchart
that visually shows the flow of

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control for the logic in this example.

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Notice the first condition is
checked, score greater than 90.

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That's the expression in the
first diamond on the left.

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If true, then we test the condition
in the nested if statement,

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which is on the true branch.

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Of course, we can also use
block statements as required

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to execute multiple statements.

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In this example, we're
checking if Frank's score is

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not equal to bill's score.

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If this fails that means
that their scores are equal.

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So we go to the else statement
and display looks like a tie.

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If their scores are not equal,
then we check the condition

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the nested if statement.

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And if Frank's score is greater than
bill score, we display Frank wins.

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Otherwise, we display bill wins.

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In these examples, the nested
if has been in the true section

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of the if else statement.

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We can have nested if statements
in the else section as well.

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Let's go to the IDE and see some
examples of nested if statements.

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Okay, what I want to do next is I
want to open up the grades project

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within the section 9 workspace again.

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In this case, the main is empty.

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And I'm just going to get rid
of this piece right here just to

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print out a new line at the end.

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Okay, so what we're going to do
here is this program is going

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to ask the user for the score
on an exam between 0 and 100.

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And we're going to tell them the
letter grade, similar to what we

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did in the slides but we want to
validate to make sure that what they

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entered is actually between 0 and 100.

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And if it isn't, we're going to
tell them sorry, you need -- the

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number you entered is out of range.

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Also once we determine the student's
grade, we'll tell them your grade

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is your letter grade A B C D F.

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And if they get an F we'll, tell them
sorry you have to repeat the class.

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Okay, so let's start here.

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First off, we need a
couple of variables.

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Let's just use one called score that's
what we're going to ask the user for.

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And we'll cout.

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Let's do the input, output
part really quickly.

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We'll just say enter
your score on the exam.

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And we'll actually put 0 to 100
here, so they know what the range is.

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And we'll grab the input into score.

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Okay, so now we've got what we want.

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We also would like to have a
variable called letter grade.

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And what we're going to do
is we're going to assign A B

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C D or F into that variable.

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We can simply use a character
variable that'll be fine.

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So I'm just going to say
char letter grade,

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and we'll just initialize it to 0.

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Okay, so now first thing we need to
do is we need to validate that score.

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We need to make sure that the
score is between 0 and a 100.

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So we'll use a simple
if statement here.

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So we'll say if the score is greater
than or equal to 0, and the score

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is less than or equal to 100.

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I'll use a block here, we need
to do the true part, right.

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This is where we need to
calculate their grade.

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But if it's not, then right
here we want to say else, and

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I'll do another block statement.

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And in this case, what we want
to say is sorry, we'll say sorry,

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and we'll tell them that the
number they entered

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is not in range, something real simple.

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When we learn about looping in a
couple of videos from now, we'll be

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able to ask them to enter it again.

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But in this case, this will be fine.

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And let's test this.

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A lot of times when we test
our code you see there's

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nothing in here right now.

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So we just do something like
this, and we expect to see

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that output in the positive
case, right, in the true case.

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We're going to write code in there
to actually calculate the grade,

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but it's good to test as you go.

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Don't write all your code,
all at once and then try

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to test it all at the end.

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Just test as you go, and
you'll be much better off so.

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Let's try this. Let's run this.

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We got an error here, sorry.

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Num it's score.

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There we go.

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So there we go.

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Enter your score on the exam.

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Let's enter something valid, like 70.

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We should get the x's displayed.

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There they are.

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So we're good here.

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And let's run it one more
time, and let's type in 120.

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Sorry, 120 is not in range.

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And let's try something
like negative 1.

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Sorry, negative 1 is not in range.

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Cool. So our logic seems to be right.

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Now what we need to do is write
the logic in this piece right here.

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That's actually
calculating their grade.

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All right, so what we can do
here is we can write the if

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else if else if type code.

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When I learned this stuff a long time
ago that was called an if else ladder.

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I haven't heard that term in a long
time but it makes kind of sense

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because it does look like a ladder.

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So what we'll do here is
we'll say we'll use that same

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grading scale 90, 80, 70, 60.

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We'll say if the score is
greater than 90 and I'm not

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going to use blocks here just to
save some space on the screen.

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We'll save the letter grade,
and we'll assign an a to it.

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Now notice that's a character so those
are single quotes not double quotes.

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So we've got that then we'll say
else, if score is greater than 80.

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We'll say that our grade
is a B again single quotes,

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don't forget the semicolon.

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Else if you get the idea we're just
walking right down that ladder.

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If it's greater than 70, then the
letter grade in this case is a C.

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A couple more.

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Else if the score is greater than
60, then the letter grade is a D.

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And finally, there's our
catch-all else in which case

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their letter grade is an F.

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Okay, let's try that out.

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Let's run this, and we'll
test it with a few numbers.

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And I said greater than 90.

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I probably should have said greater
than or equal to 90 but it's all good.

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So we'll say 91.

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That's definitely an A.

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We never printed it
out, so let's do that.

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This is why we test, right.

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Cout your grade is and we'll
just display letter grade here,

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put an endline at the end.

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Okay, now remember, I'm going to
put this here and fix that B to a C.

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This will execute no matter what.

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So this if statement will execute.

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One of those letters will be
assigned, and then we display it here.

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All right, let's try that again.

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So in this case, we got a
91, that should be an A.

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Your grade is an A.

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The 81 should be a B.

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It is.

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Let's do about a 50, which is
definitely an F, and here we go.

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Okay, obviously, you would test this
a little better, but for the sake

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of time, I'm not going to do that.

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The last thing we want to do is
right here, we want to tell them

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did they pass or did they fail.

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Well, the only way you can
fail in this example is if

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your letter grade is an F.

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So there's no sense in
checking the score again.

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We've already got the letter grade.

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So I'm simply going to say if the
letter grade is equal to an F.

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Remember, double equal sign
not a single equal sign.

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If that's the case, cout sorry,
you must repeat this class.

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Okay, otherwise, you passed.

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Congrats.

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That's a passing grade or whatever
you want to enter in here.

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All right, so that should
do it let's go through this

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real quick one more time.

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We've got their score here.

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We're prompting for the
score, we're reading it in.

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If the score is within
range, we do the calculation.

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If it's not within range, we're
down here, and we're out right away.

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Sorry, the score's out of range.

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Let me clean that up a little bit.

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If the score is within
range, then we're going to

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use this if else ladder.

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And if it's greater
than 90, it's an A.

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Greater than 8 is a B we're.

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Going to walk all the way down.

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You know what let me put equal
signs here because it's bugging me.

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That way it matches the
slides that I gave you.

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Okay, so that's a little better.

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So now if it's greater than
equal to 90, you get the A

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and all the way through the F.

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Then when we're here your
grade is your letter grade.

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And then we check to see if an F is
just an F, you must repeat the class.

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Okay, let's run this now with
a couple of uh test cases.

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Suppose you got your 90 now.

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It should be an A because we have
the greater than or equal to.

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Your grade is an A, congrats.

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If your grade is a 59, your
grade is an f, sorry you

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must repeat this class.

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Okay, so there you go.

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That's a simple example of
using the if else if and the

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if else statements together.

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On the next example, we're going
to open up the shipping project

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in the section 9 workspace.

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So we're in the shipping project
of the section 9 workspace.

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And I've gone ahead and started
this little example, just

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so we'll save a little time.

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And what we're doing
here is, we're doing.

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We're using a shipping
cost calculator.

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We're going to ask the user for
the package dimension in inches

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and the package dimensions would
be length, width and height.

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And they're all integers.

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The dimension must be 10 inches
or less for each dimension.

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Otherwise, we can't ship it.

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The base cost for shipping
is two dollars and 50 cents.

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And if the package volume is
greater than 100 cubic inches,

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there's a 10% surcharge.

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If the package volume is
greater than 500 cubic inches,

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there's a 25% surcharge.

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Okay, so I started this already,
and I've got some variables set up.

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And let me talk about
them really quickly.

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We've got obviously, we need the
length the width and the height.

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That's what the user
is going to enter.

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And we've got the base cost
which is a double at $2.50.

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So I've initialized that.

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Then we've got a couple
of other constants here.

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One, the tier one threshold.

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That's the volume.

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So again, if you exceed 100
cubic inches, that kicks in.

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And we've got the tier 2
threshold to be 500 cubic inches.

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00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:27,089
So I've defined those as constants.

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00:13:27,860 --> 00:13:30,809
The maximum dimension for
any length is 10 inches.

239
00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:34,190
And I've got the tier
1 surcharge at 10%.

240
00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,170
And the tier 2 surcharge at 25%.

241
00:13:37,570 --> 00:13:38,699
So that's pretty much it.

242
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,360
I've got all these constants
and variables declared

243
00:13:41,550 --> 00:13:42,650
so that I can use them.

244
00:13:43,410 --> 00:13:46,770
All right, I also have another integer
here called the package volume,

245
00:13:46,770 --> 00:13:48,430
which obviously we need to calculate.

246
00:13:48,770 --> 00:13:50,810
So this is where we're at.

247
00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:53,300
Hello, welcome to the
package cost calculator.

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00:13:53,340 --> 00:13:57,370
Enter the length, width and height of
the package separated by spaces, and

249
00:13:57,370 --> 00:14:02,189
we've just read the length, the width
and the height into these variables.

250
00:14:03,349 --> 00:14:07,210
Now we need to do our logic for
the calculation of the package.

251
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:10,209
First thing we should do
is, let's make sure that

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00:14:10,210 --> 00:14:11,690
the package is valid, right.

253
00:14:11,690 --> 00:14:13,290
Otherwise, there's nothing to do.

254
00:14:13,610 --> 00:14:19,820
So what we can do here is we can
say if the length of the package is

255
00:14:20,650 --> 00:14:28,570
greater than the maximum dimensions,
right, the max dimension length,

256
00:14:28,620 --> 00:14:36,880
which is 10 for everything or
the width is greater than the

257
00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:44,839
max dimension or the height is
greater than max dimension, right.

258
00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:49,410
If any one of those is greater
than the maximum allowed

259
00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:53,129
dimension for any one side,
we really have nothing to do.

260
00:14:53,139 --> 00:14:53,940
We're done.

261
00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:57,660
So in this case, what we want to
do here is we want to say cout

262
00:14:59,139 --> 00:15:03,120
sorry package rejected or something like that,

263
00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,920
dimensions exceeded.

264
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:15,300
Okay? Or some message that tells
them what's going on.

265
00:15:17,869 --> 00:15:20,030
Okay, so that takes care of that.

266
00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:22,520
Now here's the else part, right.

267
00:15:22,530 --> 00:15:25,319
And we may as well put this in a
block because we never know when

268
00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:26,420
you're going to add code to this.

269
00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:29,660
So I'll put a curly
here and a curly here.

270
00:15:30,309 --> 00:15:33,450
Now I can add code in there easily.

271
00:15:33,870 --> 00:15:35,500
So that's my if part.

272
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:37,600
This is when the package
has been rejected.

273
00:15:37,990 --> 00:15:43,120
The else part is now where we're
going to do all our calculations.

274
00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:48,430
So again, I'm going to do cout and do
a quick test to make sure that we're

275
00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:50,580
compiling and everything looks good.

276
00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:52,840
So I'm going to run this.

277
00:15:54,299 --> 00:15:56,610
And I'm running the old
project, let me double click on

278
00:15:56,610 --> 00:15:58,830
shipping, and let's try that.

279
00:16:01,050 --> 00:16:02,080
Enter the length, width.

280
00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,320
Okay, so let's say
I'm exceeding, right.

281
00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:09,609
So I'm going to say
12, 8 and 12, 5 and 3.

282
00:16:09,610 --> 00:16:10,939
So the 12 should be over.

283
00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:13,670
Sorry package rejected,
dimension exceeded.

284
00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:14,290
That's good.

285
00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:17,020
We could do test cases for
all three of them, right.

286
00:16:17,020 --> 00:16:18,840
I'm not going to just
to save a little time.

287
00:16:19,330 --> 00:16:22,760
And in this case, 6,
7 and 8, that's valid.

288
00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:26,209
And we print out the three x's, and
we're ready to do our calculation.

289
00:16:26,620 --> 00:16:31,550
Okay, so let me get rid of that
statement that I just did and that

290
00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:32,950
hello world down here at the bottom.

291
00:16:33,550 --> 00:16:37,020
All right, so now in here, what
we need to do is our calculations.

292
00:16:37,210 --> 00:16:41,080
So we need to know what
the package cost is, right.

293
00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:42,410
So we need to have a double in here.

294
00:16:42,410 --> 00:16:44,839
We can do that right inside
the block because the only time

295
00:16:44,839 --> 00:16:47,910
we're going to use it is if we're
going to do some calculation.

296
00:16:48,199 --> 00:16:53,005
So in this case, I could just
say package cost and I can

297
00:16:53,060 --> 00:16:54,750
just initialize that to 0.

298
00:16:56,950 --> 00:16:58,769
And how about the package volume.

299
00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:00,680
Again, I could have defined
that in here as well but

300
00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:02,020
it's already defined outside.

301
00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:08,910
The package volume is the
length * the width * the height.

302
00:17:10,990 --> 00:17:14,790
Okay, so now we've got our package
volume here is being calculated as

303
00:17:14,809 --> 00:17:16,640
the product of those three dimensions.

304
00:17:18,589 --> 00:17:24,079
And we may as well say that
the package cost is the

305
00:17:24,079 --> 00:17:25,390
base cost, right, right now.

306
00:17:25,390 --> 00:17:26,819
We could start with that.

307
00:17:26,839 --> 00:17:31,250
It's always going to be $2.50
plus perhaps some surcharge.

308
00:17:32,250 --> 00:17:33,370
Okay, so that's where we're at.

309
00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:34,260
So far so good.

310
00:17:34,830 --> 00:17:37,230
Now we need to do these
checks for the package volume

311
00:17:37,230 --> 00:17:38,590
exceeding those thresholds.

312
00:17:38,910 --> 00:17:42,080
What we want to do first is,
we want to check the the tier 2

313
00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:43,699
threshold because it's the highest.

314
00:17:43,980 --> 00:17:49,720
So what we want to do here is we
want to say if the package volume is

315
00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:52,500
greater than the tier 2 threshold.

316
00:17:54,210 --> 00:18:03,490
If that's the case, then the
package cost plus equals, we're

317
00:18:03,490 --> 00:18:10,580
incrementing that by the package
cost * the tier 2 surcharge.

318
00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:15,910
Remember, we're incrementing the
left-hand side by the right-hand side.

319
00:18:16,270 --> 00:18:18,749
And we could put a
debug statement in here.

320
00:18:18,780 --> 00:18:25,210
Again, it's very common to do that,
just saying adding tier 2 surcharge.

321
00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:27,710
We can get rid of these
when we ship the code.

322
00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:30,410
But it's nice to have them in here.

323
00:18:30,410 --> 00:18:32,240
Soon I'll teach you how
to use a debugger,

324
00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:34,000
which makes this even easier.

325
00:18:34,680 --> 00:18:37,900
Okay, so if this is not the
case, then we can say else if.

326
00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:46,300
The package volume exceeds
the tier 1 threshold.

327
00:18:50,980 --> 00:18:54,879
And if that's the case, we
can basically just copy this.

328
00:18:57,500 --> 00:18:58,540
And I'll paste it in here.

329
00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:03,729
In this case, the package cost is the
plus equals package cost * the tier

330
00:19:03,729 --> 00:19:08,500
1 surcharge, and we can just change
that statement right here to do that.

331
00:19:10,719 --> 00:19:12,499
Okay, so we're really done.

332
00:19:12,809 --> 00:19:17,410
What we need to do now is say
cout the volume, we'll give

333
00:19:17,410 --> 00:19:18,760
the user some information.

334
00:19:20,670 --> 00:19:27,989
The volume of your package
is and we'll display the

335
00:19:27,990 --> 00:19:29,839
volume, package volume.

336
00:19:29,849 --> 00:19:35,290
We have an endline here.

337
00:19:36,030 --> 00:19:37,940
And then we'll just tell them
how much it's going to cost

338
00:19:38,139 --> 00:19:39,330
that's really what they want.

339
00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:46,969
Your package will cost,
we'll put a dollar sign here.

340
00:19:50,959 --> 00:19:52,990
And I believe it was package cost.

341
00:19:53,130 --> 00:20:02,029
There it is, to ship
and that should do it.

342
00:20:02,070 --> 00:20:05,190
Let me clean up some of this
white space, and we'll run this.

343
00:20:05,190 --> 00:20:08,189
And then we'll do one more
little thing before we go.

344
00:20:08,879 --> 00:20:12,380
And let's see tier one
surcharge I spelled it wrong.

345
00:20:12,380 --> 00:20:14,580
I should need an
underscore right there.

346
00:20:17,380 --> 00:20:20,610
And that way you can see
some of these errors. Perfect.

347
00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:23,210
So let's say 5 5 and 5.

348
00:20:24,410 --> 00:20:28,610
I'm adding a tier 1 surcharge because
the volume is greater than 100.

349
00:20:28,610 --> 00:20:30,020
You can see here's 125.

350
00:20:30,020 --> 00:20:32,750
So the package will cost 275 to ship.

351
00:20:33,450 --> 00:20:35,670
Let's make it a little
bit bigger the package.

352
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:38,984
Let's say it's 8 x 8 x 8.

353
00:20:39,360 --> 00:20:41,869
In this case, I'm adding
a tier 2 surcharge.

354
00:20:42,570 --> 00:20:44,659
The package volume is 512.

355
00:20:45,190 --> 00:20:48,419
And it's gonna cost $3.12 to ship.

356
00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:52,690
Okay, Now you'll notice
this 3.125 displays.

357
00:20:52,990 --> 00:20:56,200
I'll show you how to set that a
little bit later in the course.

358
00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,510
But for now, I'll just show you
how to do it really quickly.

359
00:20:58,559 --> 00:21:06,330
If you come up to the includes
and you include io manip, that's

360
00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:08,240
the input output manipulators.

361
00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:13,950
And then right before you start
printing the dollar amounts or

362
00:21:13,950 --> 00:21:16,670
actually anyway you can put this
anywhere you could just say cout

363
00:21:17,309 --> 00:21:25,030
fixed followed by set precision
to two decimals after the package.

364
00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:32,029
This is that just prints
dollars nicely so.

365
00:21:32,030 --> 00:21:32,920
If we run this.

366
00:21:33,969 --> 00:21:38,170
Again, let's try that
again, we'll do 8, 7 and 9.

367
00:21:38,750 --> 00:21:41,700
You can see it prints
it out nicely, $3.12.

368
00:21:41,860 --> 00:21:44,620
And again, I'll talk about those
manipulators a little bit later on.

369
00:21:44,620 --> 00:21:47,059
It just helps us look at
our code a little nicer.

370
00:21:47,809 --> 00:21:48,740
All right, so there you go.

371
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:51,750
There's some logic for
shipping this package.

372
00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:53,150
We've got an if else statement.

373
00:21:53,150 --> 00:21:55,580
We've got an if else if statement.

374
00:21:56,790 --> 00:21:58,490
And hopefully, this logic makes sense.

375
00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:02,010
Again, build these programs, one
step at a time testing as you go.