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In this video, we'll learn how we can access class attributes and methods.

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Of course, we want to create objects from our classes,

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but we also want to be able to use and modify the object's attributes

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and call methods for specific objects.

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There are two ways to access class members.

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We can use the dot operator

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and we can use the member of pointer operator or the arrow operator.

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Remember that some class members may not be accessible since we can hide them,

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we'll see that in the next video.

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We've already seen how we can use the dot operator when we worked with standard vector and string.

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If we have an object,

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then we can use the dot operator followed by the class member that we want to reference,

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it's as easy as that.

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For example, if I have an account object named Frank's account,

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then I can access the balance attribute with Frank account.balance

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and I can deposit a 1000 dollars into Frank account

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by writing Frank account.deposit 1000.

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In this case, we're accessing the deposit method.

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Notice that the object is to the left of the dot operator,

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so that method will be called on that specific object,

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in this case, the Frank account object.

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If we have a pointer to an object,

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then we need to de-reference the pointer first in order to get to the object

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and then we can apply the dot operator.

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There's two ways we can do that.

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Remember in these examples frank account is not an account object,

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it is a pointer to an account object, which has been dynamically allocated on the heap.

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The first way to do this is to explicitly de-reference the pointer

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and then use the dot operator.

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In order to access the object's class members,

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we have to de-reference the pointer using the asterisk

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and then use the dot operator to get the class member we want.

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But notice that we have to use parentheses here

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since the dot operator has higher precedence than the pointer de-reference operator,

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and we want to be sure that we de-reference first.

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While this syntax is explicit, it can be a little tedious to read and write.

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So c++ provides an alternate operator called the member of pointer operator,

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which is often referred to as the arrow operator.

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It's a dash followed by a greater than sign which looks like an arrow pointing to the right.

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This operator has the same effect as the first example above.

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It will de-reference the pointer and then apply the dot operator.

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As you can see,this operator is very intuitive to read and use and it's used very often.

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That's all there is to accessing class members.

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Let's head over to the IDE, and we'll access some class members for the player and

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account classes.

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Okay. So I'm in the IDE, and I'm in the section 13 workspace,

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the AccessingClassMembers project.

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What we've got here is we've got the same player class and account class

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that we created in the last video with its attributes and methods, just like we did before.

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And what we'd like to do now is

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access some of these attributes and methods from

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within our main, and we want to access them for specific objects obviously.

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Now there's a couple of things we're going to do, and we'll discuss them in detail in a few videos from now.

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But by default all of this information in the class is private,

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and we don't have access to it. So let's make it all public for this video.

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And in the next video, we'll talk about public and private.

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So this is what I'm going to do here is just say public

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colon for the account class and public colon for the player class,

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that says that everything after that access modifier is public,

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which means we've got access to it, no worries at all.

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Okay. And as I said, we'll talk about public and private in the next video.

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So what do I do? Well, let's create some objects.

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Let's create a player object, and let's call it Frank.

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And now what I want to do is I want to set Frank's name health and xp.

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Those are the attributes for the player class.

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Well, how do I get to them? This is where we use the dot operator.

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Frank is an object, so we can say Frank

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dot name

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and we could just set it to Frank or anything else we like.

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We could say frank.health

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is a 100, let's say,

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and finally, we can say Frank's xp

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is, let's say, 12.

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Okay. So it's really as simple as that. That sets those

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attributes, the values for those attributes.

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Now obviously, if I wanted to print out those attributes,

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I could just do a cout Frank.health, and that's it.

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And I'm going to get whatever was stored in there as a value.

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So let's take a look at this in the debugger

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and see what it looks like. So I'm going to put a break point right here on line 33.

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And let's run this in the debugger so we can see what's going on.

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First of all, you can see over here that frank is a player object,

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that's its type.

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And if I expand this, you can see it's all garbage right now, right.

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So this is all garbage, and

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let me hit next

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and I just did. Let me refresh this one more time, you'll see that the string is now empty for the name.

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Now what I'm doing here is I'm saying set the name attribute for the frank x

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object to the string frank,

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okay. And then I'm setting the health attribute for the frank object and the xp

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attribute for the frank object to 112. So I'll hit

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next a couple of times 1 2 3 times, I'll execute those three lines of code.

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And what I'll do here is I'll refresh the screen so that we can see

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that now we've got frank is the name,

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the health is 100, the xp is 12. Exactly what we expected.

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Okay. So

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that's a really easy way to do this. Now remember, this is all based on the fact

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that this is public. If this was private, you'd get a compiler error.

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And I'll discuss that in detail in the next video.

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Same idea holds for accounts. But how about

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these methods here. I haven't implemented those methods.

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So if I try to say something like frank.

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talk, and i pass in a string to saw say hi

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there or something like that,

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this will compile just fine,

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but it won't link because I haven't implemented this method.

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How do we implement this method. There's a whole bunch of different ways to do it.

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Let's do it the simple way. And again,

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I'm going to do a whole video on methods and how to implement them.

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But for now, just to get this to work, let's put in a method block here.

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And just like we've always done, I'm going to say cout

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what's my name? Well, my name is name.

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So I'm going to say name.

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I'm going to put another

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insertion operator, and I'll say

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says followed by

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the text to say, which is being passed into me

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followed by an endline.

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That's it. Now I've implemented that method.

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So now when this code executes right here frank.talk hi there,

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it should say frank says hi there.

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Okay. So let me stop this, and let's run this again.

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And again, we'll run this in the debugger. And since we have some output, what I'm going to do is

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put that output window right over here so we can actually see what's going on

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in our output window.

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Okay. So let's do this again. I'm going to select next.

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I'm on line 34 now, line 35, line 36.

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Now I'm going to execute line 36. And at this point,

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my frank object has the name frank health 100, xp is 12.

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Now what's going to happen is we're going to call the talk method for the frank object,

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and control will be transferred right over here to this method we just wrote,

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we're passing in this string hi there, and it should say frank says hi there,

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and it should display it right out here. So let's take a look.

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That's exactly what happens, frank says hi there.

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Okay. So what's neat about this is that since I'm calling the talk

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method for the frank object,

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these attributes are available to that method, right.

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So I don't have to pass in the name of frank because I've already got it, I can just simply say name.

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As far as this name is concerned, remember, we we talked about scope a while back.

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Well, we look for the definition of this variable

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inside the class first. If it's not there, then we go global.

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But we're going to look for it here. There it is. That's the one we're going to use.

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Okay. So there you go. That's a real simple example of calling

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some a member method, really, really easy.

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Now how about if we had a pointer. Let's try that.

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So let me stop this, and we'll do the same kind of code. We'll write it with a pointer,

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and I'll leave this window a little bit smaller, so we can see. So let's say we have a player

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and it's a pointer this time called enemy which is a pointer to a player.

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And I'll just instantiate it right here, so I'll say it's a new player.

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Okay. So in order to get to that player object,

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I need to de-reference the pointer, right. Remember,

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enemy is not a player object.

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Enemy is a pointer to a player object. So in this case,

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there's two ways to do it. We can de-reference enemy.

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Okay. So what I just did was I de-referenced

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the pointer. So now I've got the object.

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And I can say enemy.name

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is enemy,

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simple as that. I could say enemy

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.health is 100.

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And I could do the same thing for xp, but rather than use this syntax

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where we're explicitly de-referencing the pointer and then doing the dot operator,

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let's use the arrow operator here. So what we can say is enemy

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followed by the arrow operator.

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And then we can say xp is, let's say, 15,

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right. Now how do you call a method here, same way. We could say enemy

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arrow. So what I'm going to do is I want to de-reference that pointer

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and use the dot and then I'm going to call talk

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and say

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I will destroy you.

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Okay. So let's try this now. Let's walk through this one more time.

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So we'll debug this.

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I'll move this over here real quick,

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and let's step through the program.

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Right now, we're on line 33, that's where we've got the break point.

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So we're creating the frank object.

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We're setting the name to frank, the health to 100 and the xp to 12.

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And then we're going to call the talk method on the frank object,

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which should display frank says hi there.

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And that's exactly what happens over here in the output.

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Now we're going to create this enemy, which is a pointer to a player.

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Now it's important that you see that. You can see the type here.

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The debugger is really helping you out here. You can see frank

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is a player.

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Enemy is a pointer to a player.

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You can see that the debugger is really helping you out there with the type. Okay. So at this point right now

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that enemy is garbage, right. We've got garbage data in the pointer.

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As soon as i execute line 39, now it will be pointing to a real player object.

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So I'm going to sit next.

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Now we've got enemy pointing to a player object. And if I come over here,

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you can see the name is junk, the health is junk and the --

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sorry,the name is empty, the health is junk and the xp is junk.

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Okay. So what do I do here?

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I want to de-reference enemy and then get the name.

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So I want to follow the pointer and get the name.

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Okay. We can also use this area right here with the watches.

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So I can add a watch.

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And you can put whatever expression you want. So i just want to see this expression right here,

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de-reference enemy, that's the object.

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So when I add that, you can see I'm seeing the same thing that I'm seeing here.

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Now for some reason, this you need to refresh, this you don't.So it's kind of nice to have these here.

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So let's walk through this. De-reference enemy that means go to the object

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that I'm pointing to and set the name to enemy.

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Okay. So let's execute that line of code.

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Notice how enemy shows up here.

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Doesn't show up here unless I refresh,

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but now it does.

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Then I want to set the health to 100. So I'll do that next.

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Now the health is a 100,

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xp is 15. But now we're using the arrow operator. But it's all the same,

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xp is 15. And now I want to call the talk method for the enemy object,

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but I want to do it through the pointer.

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And when I run this, it should say enemy says I will destroy you, so let's try that out,

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and that's exactly what it says. Enemy says I will destroy you.

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Okay. So that gives you an idea of how some of this works.

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What we'll do next is let's update this a little bit.

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We'll do that quickly because this video is getting a little long now.

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And what we'll do is we'll do the account.

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Okay. Same idea

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except here I'm going to say something like

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what do I want to do when the user

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passes in a number to deposit. Well, what I want to do is just say something like

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balance plus equals bal, right,

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just something really,really simple like that I want to increment the balance by whatever they passed into me.

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And for withdrawal, I just want to say balance

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minus equals bal.

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And while I'm at it, I want to also say cout,

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something like in deposit,

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just so I know that I'm in there, so we could see this being called.

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We'll do that, and we'll do the same thing for withdrawal.

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And again, just so we can see these things are being called.

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Now we're defining these methods right in here, right inside the class as I said,

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there's other ways to do this.

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And I'll show you what those are in a couple of videos. But let me just change this, so we can

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understand how to access this. That's it. So now let's create

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right up here.

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Let's create an account. So we'll say account,

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and we'll just say frank account,

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right. That creates an account object.

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Now I can set the name and the balance of that account. These are public attributes right now.

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So I could say frank account,

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and I'll just say equals frank's account.

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That could be any c++ string.

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And then I'm going to set the balance. So I'm going to say frank's account.balance,

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and let's say that there's 5000 dollars in there.

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Okay. That's it.

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Now let's say I want to deposit a 1000 dollars into that account.

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I could say -- again, you need the object that you're working on has to be

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to the left of the dot operator. So it's going to be frank account.deposit,

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and I'm going to deposit a 1000.

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Okay. And then we'll say frank account.withdrawal

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and let's say we want to withdraw 500.

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And that's it. And I'm forgetting semicolons because I've been working with a programming language all day,

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that doesn't need them. So I'll put them in there. Hopefully, I didn't forget any other ones.

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Okay. So that's it. Let's put a break point here, and let's try running through this.

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So again, we'll go to the debugger

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and frank's account equals --

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oops of course, frank accounts.name.

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I need to set that specific attribute

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and frank account.withdraw

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500.

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I have an extra paren right there.

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Okay. Let's try that now.

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Okay. Perfect. So let's put the output window over here on the side,

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and let's walk through this. So I'm at line 33 right now.

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I'm creating frank account. So I'm doing that right now.

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Now I'm setting frank accounts name to frank's account.

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We'll do that and the balance to 5000.

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So let's take a look at frank's account right here, we'll refresh.

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There's frank's account, and the balance is 5000.

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Now when I call the deposit method,

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it's going to call this method right here for that frank account object

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and increment the balance by a 1000.

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Okay. So let's do that,

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and we should we should also get an output statement printing out over here.

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There you go in deposit. I'll refresh frank account again.

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Notice I've got 6000 in here now.

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When I call the withdraw method, this should go down to 5500,

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and it should say in withdraw. So let's do that one more time,

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and we'll refresh one more time.

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There's 5500, exactly what we expected and the in withdrawal kicked in.

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Okay. Same idea here with a pointer that we did with the player object. I won't do that

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because the video is getting a little bit longer now, but I'll let you guys try that out.

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You can create Mary's account, which is a pointer to an account,

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and then you can access the attributes using this syntax or the arrow operator.

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Okay. So if you have any questions, please drop by the forum and let us know.