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Let's learn about different ways that we can actually import these modules, up until now, we've only

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learned about import, but sometimes things can get pretty hectic.

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For example, we can actually have another package inside of another package.

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If, for example, I create a new folder here and say new python package, we'll call this more.

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Shopping click, OK, you see that I've initiated another package inside of a package that has its own

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in it file.

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And let's move this now to let's do refractor move and we'll move it inside of the more shopping folder,

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shall say more.

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I click, OK, you'll see that I've moved this module over here, so I have a package inside of a package.

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And the way we would access this is to say simply shopping dot more.

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Shopping dot, shopping cart.

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And let's copy that over and do the same here.

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And now when I click run.

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You'll see that it still works, but this is getting a little bit too crazy.

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You can imagine as we have more and more packages that we constantly have to do this dot, this dot,

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and this is getting a little.

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Too long and ugly.

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So how can we better this?

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Well, one way of doing this in a cleaner fashion is to do something like this instead of saying import,

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we say from this.

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Part, I want to import the function, so here I'm saying, hey, from package, name, package, name,

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module, import, whatever function I want.

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In our case, we want to import the buy function.

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So you see here, I can just do that and in my code.

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I can just run by as if it was part of this main file.

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If I run this.

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You'll see that it still works.

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Awesome, so that's definitely cleaner and we can do this with utility as well.

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I can say from utility import and actually import the two files or the two functions.

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So that is multiply.

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And if we want another function, we can just add a comma and say divide.

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So now we can print Apple.

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Or by Apple as well as divide.

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Let's say five by two.

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And we can also multiply.

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And make sure it's a comma here, because it is a function like this, so that if I run this, you'll

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see that.

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There we go.

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This works as well.

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So this is a really nice way to clean up your coat.

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You can also do something like this where you say from package, name, package, name.

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And then import the entire module, so let's say I want to import the shopping cart module, I can say

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import, so package dot package or you could have just had have done one package and import the actual

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module shopping cart.

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So now I would access it like this shopping cart dot by.

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And this is going to work as well.

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Now, the reason you might want to do this instead of what we had before, is that sometimes you can

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get named collisions.

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Let me show you, let's say I had a print and then in here we use the max function, which gives us

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it's a built in function, we give it an iterator and it finds the max for us so that if I run this,

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you'll see that the max in this list is three.

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Well, imagine in our utility function, we have a let's say instead of divide or we add a max that

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simply says.

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Returns and oops.

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Well, if I go back to my main DCPI.

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Get Max as my function and I click run.

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Well, you see, I get an there.

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I get Max takes zero positional arguments, but was given, but one was given because now Max doesn't

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mean what we thought we meant, at least in this file we've imported Max and well.

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Max has a whole different function now, so we can actually override existing functions, so by using

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something like this shopping cart, we make sure that we have only one case that we might have named

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collision.

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But all the properties or all the methods that shopping art has are connected to a shopping cart.

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So instead of having multiple functions that could be overridden, I only have one namespace.

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And by the way, this is also one of the reasons that I don't recommend doing something like this,

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you can actually do import star.

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And what this says is, hey, from the utility module, import everything.

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And when you do that.

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You'll see that once again we get an air because it imports the max as well, and because we don't even

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know what's being imported right now, we can't see it.

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We have to go to the file to see it.

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When we get an air like this, we're going to be like, what's going on?

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I thought, Max is working and it's because of this line.

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So it's always good to be explicit and say exactly what you want to import.

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But let's remove Max for now, but as you can see, modules can be important in different ways.

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My recommendation is to always be explicit and say exactly what you want to import.

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And the format usually follows either using the import statement followed by the package module or import

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the module, or you can do the from statement to give it package, support package and module if you

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want, or you can do a module and then saying import and the specific function or the actual module

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itself, many ways of doing it depending on your need.

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The key takeaway here is that modules and packages help us have good engineering practices and build

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big projects in an organized fashion, yet still have all these files talk to each other.

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Right, that was a lot let's learn more in the next video.