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Hi, welcome back.

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In this lesson, I will introduce the main communication protocols that are used in Iot systems.

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First of all, let's talk about Iot protocols used for very short range wireless communications.

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NFC near field communication is a protocol used for communications between devices at a very short distance,

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maximum 10 centimeters.

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NFC is primarily used for payment systems, but NFC can also be used in Iot as a primary communication

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channel or for wake-up and pairing of other communication channels. Used in a wake-up and pairing mode

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NFC can power down other radio channels when a user is not present.

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This optimizes power consumption because the radio draws virtually no power when not in use.

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This also reduces unwanted radio emissions and is more discrete than technologies such as Bluetooth

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and Wi-Fi that are Always-On and may draw the attention of unauthorized or malevolent users.

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RFID that stands for radio frequency identification, allows communication over a great distance than

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NFC, even if always short, generally between one meter and 10 meters.

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RFID is based on data storage, in particular passive electronic devices capable of answering proximity

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calls from active devices both fixed and portable called RFID readers.

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A typical use of RFID is for tagging objects for automated identification.

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Let's now see some Iot protocols for short range wireless communications, popular protocols for short

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range wireless communications for IoT are Bluetooth

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Low Energy. BLE is used, for example, by fitness trackers, smartwatches, beacons as Apple iBeacon

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or Google Eddystone, medical devices such as glucose meters, insulin pumps, etc..

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Some famous devices that use ZigBee are, for example, Philips Hue, Samsung Smart Things,

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Amazon Echo,

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Honeywell Thermostats,

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Yales smart locks.

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Z-wave and Thread are also used for Iot devices as smart locks, thermostats or smoke detectors,

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smart home security system, etc. In order to use Wi-Fi on Iot device printed circuit, you just need

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a microchip which is easy and cheap to obtain.

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However, in practice, you also need firmware to manage the devices wi-fi credentials,

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since Wi-Fi is a very large attack vector for malicious actors.

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Generally, Iot devices that use Wi-Fi are large stationary hubs, although they can be smaller devices

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as well. To use Wi-Fi an IoT device needs to be close

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to a Wi-Fi access point, for example, not located far afield.

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Other protocols used for short range wireless communications of Iot devices are Li-Fi that stands

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for Light Fidelity. Li-Fi is a light communication system, but is capable of transmitting data at a

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high speed over the visible light, ultraviolet and infrared spectrums. And at last protocols that use

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infrared light (IR) communications usually applied in remote control systems for televisions, VCRs,

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DVD players, etc..

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For medium range wireless communications, Iot devices can use Wi-Fi HaLow that allows over 8000 robust

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connections to a single access point, and has a low power consumption. A primary market for HaLow

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is the surveillance camera market.

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Other applications include industrial and automotive communications, access control, for example

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door locks in hotels or other larger installations and mobile phones.

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In the latter case, it's not to replace standard Wi-Fi, but rather, over the long term, to provide a peer-to-peer

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capability, (essentially a Walkie-Talkie function)

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even when there is no cellular signal. For the medium range wireless communications

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Iot devices can also use typical cellular network protocols such as GSM, LTE advanced and the 5G.

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5G is important to the Internet of Things because of the need for a faster network with higher capacity

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that can serve connectivity needs.

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The 5G spectrum expands the frequencies on which digital cellular technology will transfer data.

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5G can go up to a maximum data transfer rate of 20 gigabits per second.

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Regarding long range wireless communications, an advantage of LoRaWAN protocol is that it provides

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low power, long range connectivity between sensors and the gateway to over 10 kilometers.

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Other popular long range wireless communication protocols used by Iot are 6LoWPAN, that is

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an acronym of IPv6 over a Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks, Narrowband-IoT protocol, Sig

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Fox and VSAT

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that is a satellite communication system.

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Concerning IoT protocols for wired communications, can be mentioned classic Ethernet, MoCa

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that is a technology that uses coaxial cables, and Power-line communication that uses a normal 

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power line to transfer data.

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Let's also see some known protocols used in the industrial world, in the Operational Technology area. Distributed

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Network Protocol 3, (DNP3) is a set of communications protocols used between components in process

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automation system.

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Its main use is in utilities such as electric and water companies.

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Usage in other industries is not common.

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It was developed for communications between various types of data acquisition and control equipment.

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It plays a crucial role in Scada systems, where it is used by Scada master stations, remote terminal

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units, and Intelligent electronic devices.

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Modbus is a data communications protocol originally published by Modicon in 1979 for use with

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its programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

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Modbus has become a de facto standard communication protocol and is now a commonly available means

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of connecting industrial electronic devices.

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Modbus is popular in industrial environments because it is openly published and royalty free.

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Profibus (Process field bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and

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was first promoted in 1989 by German Department of Education and Research and then used by Siemens.

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LonWorks (Local Operating Network) is a networking platform specifically created to address

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the needs of control applications.

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The platform is built on a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices over media

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such as twisted pairs, power lines, fiber optics and RF.

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It is used for the automation of various functions within buildings such as lighting and HVAC.

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Digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) is a trademark for network based products that control

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lightning. BACnet is a communication protocol for building automation and control networks that leverage

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the ANSI ISO 16484-5 standard protocol.

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BACnet was designed to allow communication of building automation and control system for applications

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such as heating, ventilating and air conditioning control, lighting control, access and fire detection

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systems and their associated equipment.

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KNX is an open standard for commercial and domestic building automation. KNX devices

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can manage lighting, blinds and shutters.

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Security system, energy management, audio, video, white goods, displays, remote control, etc..

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The EnOcean technology is an energy harvesting wireless technology used primarily in building automation

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system and is also applied to other applications in industry, transportation, logistics and smart homes.

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Modules based on EnOcean technology

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Combine micro energy converters with ultra low power electronics and enable wireless communications

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between batteryless wireless sensors, switches, controllers and gateways.

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OK, this lesson ends here.

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Thank you for your kind attention bye.