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Hello there, you beautiful people.

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So in the last video you learned that there is something called the shell that is interpreting the commands

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that you type into the terminal.

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Now, one reason that Linux is amazing is that the commands that you type all follow a similar type

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of structure in the way that you type them.

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Now, by understanding this structure, you'll be able to transition from simply just memorizing commands

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and hoping for the best to actually understanding the common language that all Linux commands use,

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and that will give you a massive boost in your abilities.

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So in this video you're going to learn what commands actually are and how they are structured.

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And by the end of this video, you'll have a much deeper understanding of what commands are, and the

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commands themselves will actually start to look like a language rather than just random gibberish on

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the screen.

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So this is going to be a very game changing lecture that if you understand fully what I show you here,

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it will make your work with the terminal so much easier.

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So let's not waste any time and get right into it.

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Okay.

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So the first thing you need to know is that all commands are effectively just little computer programs

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that are installed somewhere on your computer.

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So, for example, date is a program, cal is a program, echo is another program and so on.

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Now the command or program name that you want to use is always the first part of the command.

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So we'd start a command with the word date or with the word cal or with the word echo like you saw before.

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Right now, each command has its own unique behavior that you can actually look up using something called

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the manual pages, which I'll show you how to do later in this section of the course.

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But the general command structure goes like this.

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First you type out the command name.

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So that would be like date, cal, echo, whatever it would be.

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Then you give the command some options to customize its behavior, then you give the command some inputs

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to actually operate on.

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Now the first thing you type is the command name.

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Now that lets the shell know what program you actually want to run.

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And once the shell knows what program you want to run or it knows the name of the program you want to

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run, the shell will then search for that program on something called Your Shell's Path, which is just

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a list of folders that contain these programs.

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Now you can actually see your shell's path by typing echo, then a dollar sign, then path.

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So echo space, then dollar sign, then path, and you press enter and you see this terrifying output

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come out.

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But it's actually it's actually very easy to understand once you notice that these are just different

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folder paths, each separated by a colon by these two dots here.

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So for example, there's a there's a set of there's a folder here that's called slash user slash local

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slash spin.

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Then you've got another folder here, slash user slash local slash pin, then another folder here and

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another folder here and another folder here and so on and so on.

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Okay.

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So what the shell will do is it'll start at the very left of the path and it will look inside that folder

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for a command called Echo or called Cal or called date or whatever you call it.

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So it will look in the leftmost folder, and if it doesn't find it there, it'll move to the next one.

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So it would start at the very left, then it would move to maybe to this folder.

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Okay, then if it didn't find it there, it would move to this folder and if it didn't find it there,

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it would move to this folder and so on and so on and so on until it got right to the end.

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So to slash, snap, slash bin, and if it didn't find a folder with that name in any of those folders,

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then the, the shell would give you a command, an error like command not found.

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So if I tried to do Blue Alert and tried to call that as a command, it says it couldn't find this command.

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So what the shell did is it looked for a command called this in each of these folders, didn't find

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it and said command not found.

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Now this is this has an interesting and interesting impact.

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The fact that it the fact that it reads from the very left all the way to the very right, let's say

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you had a program called blah and blah was actually in this folder here, slash user slash spin, but

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it was also in the very far left folder.

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Which one do you think will actually be run?

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Well, actually, what would happen is it would only run the version in here because that's where it

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found it first.

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And if you wanted it to run this version, the version was in this folder, that wouldn't be possible

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because it found the same name here first.

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Okay, so that's just something to bear in mind.

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It's not something you'll really run into, but it's just something to bear in mind.

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Okay.

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Now you can actually see which folder that a command is stored in by using the which command.

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So it's like, which folder is this command in.

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So I could say which and then Cal and if I press enter it'll tell me that the Cal command is actually

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in the slash user slash bin folder.

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And if we look at our path, we can see that slash user slash bin is located here.

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So it is on our path and therefore Cal was able to be found.

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And let's try that again for Echo, if we do, which echo you can say slash bin, slash echo.

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And if we look on here, we'll find somewhere.

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Slash bin is somewhere.

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Here we are.

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Slash bin.

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There we go.

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So Slash Bin is also on our path.

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You can actually also look at the which command.

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So the which of which which which folder is the which command in.

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And we see it's in slash user slash bin which is here, there we go, slash user slash bin and we see

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the which command also runs as well.

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So that's how the shell knows where to find your commands.

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Now you can customise the way that commands work by giving them different options and different inputs.

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Let's go ahead and start with the inputs.

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So it's important to note that not all commands actually require inputs.

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Some inputs are optional.

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For example, the day command doesn't strictly require an input.

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You can just type date and be b be done with it.

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But most commands do require some form of input which can actually have a fancy name called an operand

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because commands operate on the input.

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The input is sometimes called an operand.

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So to give the command an input or an upper end, you simply type a space after the command name, then

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type the input.

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That's assuming you don't have any options.

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So for example, if we take the cow command, I could just type cow and press enter and I would get

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this month's calendar.

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But to customise the behaviour I can give it an input.

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So for example, if I want to get the calendar for the year 2017, I could type cow 2017 and if I press

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enter now I get a completely different input, a complete different output.

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Sorry, because I gave the command this input.

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You can also give more than one input.

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So let me clear the screen using control and l the nice shortcut.

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Sometimes you can give more than one input for.

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So for example I could type cow 12 2017 and for press enter you can see now that I get I've given command

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the cow command two inputs one being 12 which means the 12 month and the the next one being the year,

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which is 2017.

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So I've said here, can you give me the, the calendar for December 2017.

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Pretty cool, right.

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So we gave it two inputs and that also customise our output.

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So basically you can just give commands inputs.

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So like if I say echo when I say hello then echo then hello, sorry was the input to the echo command

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you see.

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So that's quite straightforward.

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All we did was type the command name, which the shell then found on the path and we gave that command

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that, that program some input.

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So now that we understand inputs, let's discuss options because this is where stuff gets really interesting.

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You've seen you've seen us use an option with the command as well.

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So the command we gave it the Y option before.

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Okay.

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So if I do it by default, the cal dash, we will show the current year's calendar.

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So we've managed we gave the command, the cal command an option which the Y option which you can see

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that has been preceded by this dash and that's common for commands.

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They tend to be preceded by by dashes and hyphens and things.

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So let's take a look at the date command to understand how options work even better.

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Date by default will show today's date in our current time zone.

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So if I just say date, it says here's the here's the date and time in the current time zone, which

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is apparently British summertime.

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Okay.

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So.

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To get the date in universal time such as UTC or Greenwich Mean Time.

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We can type date slash you and we can see now that the date the hour has gone back one because now we're

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in UTC rather than British summer time, which is currently an hour forward.

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So we gave the date command the U option.

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Now if we had other options to give the commands, we could list them right after one another.

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So for example, we could do date slash dash a, dash B, dash C, D, E, f, d, and this would give

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it these different options.

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So the A option, the B option, the C option, the D option, the E option, the F option, the G option.

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Or more simply, you could just do dash a, b, c, d, e, f, g.

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That's a nice shortcut.

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You can just stick them all together like that.

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Okay, now this specific example doesn't work.

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So if I try that, it will say invalid option.

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But it just illustrates the point that if you chain these options together, you can you can actually

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chain them together and the order doesn't really matter.

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So I could do date, uh, g g e f a and it would have exactly the same effect.

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Okay.

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All right, then.

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So now it can be sometimes be difficult to understand what these options mean.

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So sometimes options actually have long form names.

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So for example, date slash you dash u sorry, which gives us the date in universal time.

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You could also do date dash dash universal now longer and gives us the same output.

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Now universal long names are preceded by two dashes.

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So you see a dash, dash, universal.

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Whereas the short form options which are just one letter, are usually just preceded by one dash.

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Now the long form commands can make commands easier to read, but they're not available for all options.

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It really depends upon the command that you're using.

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And again, just notice the fact that I use two dashes for long forms and one dash for short form commands.

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Now, if you wanted to use, for example, three long form options, you would need to do something

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like this.

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So you'd have to do date dash, dash universal.

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That's one long form option, then dash, dash long form option two then dash dash long form option

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three.

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You can't really chain those together like you can with the short form options.

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So that's not going to work.

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But the short form options you can do date slash ABCD CFG, but with long form options, you kind of

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have to separate them.

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Uh, dash, dash universal dash dash.

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Long form option to and dash dash long form option three.

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Now it's important to note that everything on Linux, including commands, is case sensitive.

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So for example, the date command in lowercase is valid, so the one in lowercase is valid, but the

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date command like with a capital D would not be valid.

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The date command with like a capital A here, that would not be valid either.

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So you need to make sure that you spell your stuff correctly and with the right case sensitivity.

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And that goes for options and inputs too.

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So it's not just the name of the commands.

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The date command, for example, has a new option, but I don't think it has a capital view option C

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it doesn't.

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So I put a capital U and it didn't give me the universal output because it doesn't know that it has

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a capital U option.

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It only knows that it has a lowercase you option.

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So make sure that you spell your commands with the right case sensitivity.

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Now, the only other thing to know is that sometimes options can have their own inputs.

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So, for example, if we go to Kal, I'm going to clear the screen.

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If we go to Kal, we could see the calendar for December 2017 by giving it to inputs, right?

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KAL 12, 2017.

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Not options to inputs, but there is an option that will allow us to see a certain amount of months

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after that too.

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So for example, if I did, Kal gave it the capital a option, then wrote the number 112 2017.

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This will show December 2017 with one month after and the the a option gives you after.

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But it also needs to know how many months after.

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So I said one.

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So this one here is actually an input to the a option and then you've got the inputs for the command.

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Okay.

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You can also show a month before.

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So for example, Kal Dash be 112 2017 that will show us December 27 said 20th December 2017 with one

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month before it.

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And you actually also combine these together.

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So KAL one month after one month before of December 2017.

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So now you've got December 2017 with one month after, which is January 2018 and one month before November

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2017.

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So here you can see how you can actually provide options with their own inputs and how options are okay

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to use.

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When you give commands, it's own input so you can use.

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There's loads different ways to combine this stuff together.

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So here we have the A and B options with their own inputs, and the cow command has its own two inputs,

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12 and 27 and 12 and 2017.

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So this is starting to get a bit crazy, right?

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Like it's starting to get a bit advanced and a bit hairy.

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But this is just should just begin to highlight just how powerful Linux commands can actually become.

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And the only other thing you might need to know is.

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That some commands allow you to put an equal sign to match up those options with their appropriate inputs

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more explicitly to make stuff a bit easier to read.

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This doesn't work for Cal, but if it did, it would be something like Cal after equals one before equals

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112 and 2017.

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Now that doesn't work for Cal because its manual page doesn't let it happen.

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Um, so we only get 12 2017.

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That didn't quite work, but that's how it would work if it was possible for the Cal Command.

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And it might, you know, it might just make it a bit easier to read that the options are linked up

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with their appropriate inputs.

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If there were long form options, you would do something like cal dash dash before equals one, dash,

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dash after equals one and 12 2017.

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So here you've got long form options also being linked with their inputs.

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Again, that's not possible for the cow command specifically, but you can see how features like that,

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you know, joining up the inputs with the actual options can make commands easier to read.

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So in this admittedly rather in-depth video, you've learned that commands are basically broken up into

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three main parts.

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First, you've got the command name.

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Then you've got some options which are preceded by dashes and hyphens.

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And you've also then got some inputs for the command.

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Now the command name needs to match a program that is on the Shell's search path.

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Now, the path is just a piece of text that's stored in the shell that lists a bunch of folders that

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the shell will start searching from the left to the right, separating each folder with a colon, which

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is the two dots on top of each other.

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And if the shell finds an appropriate program, then that program will run and the shell will pass to

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that program any inputs that you have given it in the command.

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So you can also customize a commands behavior using options now.

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Options are usually just letters that are separated by hyphens.

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So a dash like you see at the very top of the summary slide here, you give each option a dash before

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it, or you can chain the little letters together in one go.

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The order does not matter, and sometimes they have long form versions which are need to dashes but

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allow you to use easier to read words.

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So instead of having dash you for the universal option, you can use dash dash universal.

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But that really depends on whether the command allows that to be possible.

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And each command is slightly different.

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And one thing that became very clear in this video is that each command behaves very differently to

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other commands.

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So, for example, some commands can take multiple inputs and others take none.

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Some can take long form options and others can't.

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Some can have an equal sign to match option inputs with their appropriate option, and others can't.

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So now that you understand the overarching command name, then options, then input structure that commands

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follow and the different ways of implementing that and the different options that you've got.

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How can you know what is possible for a specific command and how you use each specific command?

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Well, each command actually comes with their own manual page or main page for short.

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That shows you how to use them.

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And in the next video, I'm going to be showing you how to access and read the man pages.

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So just imagine having all the deets on a big catalog of computer programs just sat there waiting to

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be explored.

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Using the man pages is going to be a complete game changer for you if you want to become independent

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in the way that you use the Linux operating system.

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And I really can't wait to show it to you.

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So for that goodness, I'll see you in the next video.