1 00:00:00,174 --> 00:00:03,210 ‫-: Hi, within this lecture, we're gonna see 2 00:00:03,210 --> 00:00:07,710 ‫different kinds of permission throughout the users, okay? 3 00:00:07,710 --> 00:00:11,520 ‫So right now I'm inside of the kali user 4 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:14,147 ‫and maybe you are inside of some other user 5 00:00:14,147 --> 00:00:16,440 ‫and it really doesn't matter. 6 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:21,330 ‫I'm gonna show you that Eric at Linux has a root user 7 00:00:21,330 --> 00:00:24,480 ‫and it is the most advanced. 8 00:00:24,480 --> 00:00:29,480 ‫It is the most authorized user inside of the Linux, okay? 9 00:00:29,790 --> 00:00:33,570 ‫It goes the same for all kind of Linux distributions. 10 00:00:33,570 --> 00:00:38,130 ‫So the root is the administrator and super administrator. 11 00:00:38,130 --> 00:00:41,670 ‫It can do whatever you want, okay? 12 00:00:41,670 --> 00:00:46,410 ‫So if you become root, you can actually delete everything. 13 00:00:46,410 --> 00:00:48,870 ‫You can create some new stuff. 14 00:00:48,870 --> 00:00:52,230 ‫You can break the operating system. 15 00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:55,530 ‫You can copy everything, whatever you want. 16 00:00:55,530 --> 00:00:56,940 ‫So if you come over here 17 00:00:56,940 --> 00:01:00,000 ‫you can see that root terminal emulator. 18 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,000 ‫And when you do that, it will ask you for your password 19 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,810 ‫which is the password that you use as you log in. 20 00:01:06,810 --> 00:01:08,280 ‫So if you give that, 21 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:12,060 ‫it actually creates a root terminal for you. 22 00:01:12,060 --> 00:01:16,140 ‫So as you can see, the username is different in this case. 23 00:01:16,140 --> 00:01:18,600 ‫So I'm root@kali. 24 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:22,770 ‫So since I'm root, I can do whatever I want. 25 00:01:22,770 --> 00:01:24,120 ‫So whatever I want, 26 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:28,110 ‫I mean that I can actually delete every folder, 27 00:01:28,110 --> 00:01:30,570 ‫every file in Windows. 28 00:01:30,570 --> 00:01:31,620 ‫Think about Windows. 29 00:01:31,620 --> 00:01:33,540 ‫If you have used Windows before 30 00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:35,460 ‫you cannot even delete anything. 31 00:01:35,460 --> 00:01:37,080 ‫It just gives you errors. 32 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:39,390 ‫It says that, this is a system file 33 00:01:39,390 --> 00:01:43,440 ‫you cannot delete that, and so on and so forth. 34 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:46,710 ‫So with root, you can do anything. 35 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:48,300 ‫So let me show you what I mean. 36 00:01:48,300 --> 00:01:52,470 ‫As you can see, I can write ls, I can delete stuff. 37 00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:56,070 ‫It appears that I have a better cap history file over here. 38 00:01:56,070 --> 00:01:57,480 ‫Let me delete that. 39 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,210 ‫As you can see, when I write pwd, 40 00:02:00,210 --> 00:02:02,340 ‫I'm inside of the root folder. 41 00:02:02,340 --> 00:02:07,230 ‫So a root folder, it appears that it doesn't even stay 42 00:02:07,230 --> 00:02:11,550 ‫in home folder right now, but I can just interact with it. 43 00:02:11,550 --> 00:02:16,550 ‫Like I can create a folder. I can go into another folder. 44 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:20,280 ‫I can do cd test. I can do cd.. 45 00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:24,930 ‫I can execute anything that we have seen before, right? 46 00:02:24,930 --> 00:02:27,420 ‫Because I'm root, I can do anything. 47 00:02:27,420 --> 00:02:29,670 ‫I can even delete the boot loader 48 00:02:29,670 --> 00:02:33,240 ‫so that the operating system won't even boot again. 49 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:37,260 ‫But as you can see, since it has so much authority, 50 00:02:37,260 --> 00:02:39,600 ‫since it has so much permission, 51 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:42,870 ‫it's a little bit dangerous to use root. 52 00:02:42,870 --> 00:02:45,000 ‫That's why, actually, 53 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,870 ‫kali decided to introduce a new user called kali 54 00:02:48,870 --> 00:02:52,980 ‫and abandon the usage of root as the default user. 55 00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:55,110 ‫It really doesn't matter for us 56 00:02:55,110 --> 00:02:58,560 ‫because we are using this as like a virtual machine. 57 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:02,700 ‫We are not using this like a real server or stuff. 58 00:03:02,700 --> 00:03:07,020 ‫If I was using a server like Bant or Deviant 59 00:03:07,020 --> 00:03:09,180 ‫I would have done the same thing. 60 00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:13,650 ‫I wouldn't use the thing as root in services 61 00:03:13,650 --> 00:03:16,170 ‫in so many cases because it's dangerous. 62 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:19,530 ‫I can delete something by mistake, right? 63 00:03:19,530 --> 00:03:22,020 ‫But it doesn't matter for us in this case. 64 00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:25,620 ‫So you will see throughout the course that I use root 65 00:03:25,620 --> 00:03:28,230 ‫most of the time, okay? 66 00:03:28,230 --> 00:03:32,430 ‫Because we will actually need the permissions of root, 67 00:03:32,430 --> 00:03:36,060 ‫the authority of root, for installing new things 68 00:03:36,060 --> 00:03:39,690 ‫and executing new things at the same time. 69 00:03:39,690 --> 00:03:43,950 ‫So you need to understand that you can become root 70 00:03:43,950 --> 00:03:48,540 ‫or any other user anytime you want inside of kali Linux. 71 00:03:48,540 --> 00:03:51,150 ‫So let me do some more examples over here 72 00:03:51,150 --> 00:03:54,030 ‫so that you can understand it in a better way. 73 00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:57,690 ‫Right now, I'm inside of the test folder and I can go back. 74 00:03:57,690 --> 00:04:01,230 ‫I can write pwd and I can see where I am. 75 00:04:01,230 --> 00:04:04,740 ‫I can go into the root of this, okay? 76 00:04:04,740 --> 00:04:07,740 ‫And when I write ls, I can see 77 00:04:07,740 --> 00:04:09,330 ‫all the files and folders 78 00:04:09,330 --> 00:04:11,730 ‫available inside of the root folder. 79 00:04:11,730 --> 00:04:14,160 ‫And by root I mean this folder, 80 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:17,670 ‫the root of the file system, okay? 81 00:04:17,670 --> 00:04:20,580 ‫So it can be confusing to call this root, 82 00:04:20,580 --> 00:04:25,440 ‫but again this is the terminology used in the Linux system. 83 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:29,490 ‫But if I run ls, I can see all this home folder, 84 00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:32,040 ‫M and T folder, round folder and stuff. 85 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:33,420 ‫Let's go into the home. 86 00:04:33,420 --> 00:04:35,910 ‫And as you can see, when I write ls 87 00:04:35,910 --> 00:04:39,000 ‫I can see kali and I can go into that. 88 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,970 ‫I can go into any user's folder 89 00:04:41,970 --> 00:04:45,810 ‫inside of home folder, because I am root. 90 00:04:45,810 --> 00:04:47,820 ‫If I was another user, 91 00:04:47,820 --> 00:04:51,480 ‫I couldn't have gone into the kali's folder 92 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:53,310 ‫because it's kali, right? 93 00:04:53,310 --> 00:04:56,760 ‫So let me open another terminal using kali. 94 00:04:56,760 --> 00:04:58,860 ‫By the way, if you're using this as root, 95 00:04:58,860 --> 00:05:02,370 ‫like the custom OV8 created for this course, 96 00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:05,430 ‫right now you cannot do this exercise. 97 00:05:05,430 --> 00:05:07,320 ‫Maybe you can just watch. 98 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:11,910 ‫So if I run ls and pwd over here, 99 00:05:11,910 --> 00:05:16,910 ‫you can see that I am inside of the root folder, okay? 100 00:05:16,950 --> 00:05:18,750 ‫Not the root, root folder 101 00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:22,500 ‫because I cannot even go to that folder in kali, 102 00:05:22,500 --> 00:05:25,110 ‫because the permission is denied 103 00:05:25,110 --> 00:05:30,110 ‫because root is the most privileged user in this case. 104 00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:33,060 ‫And root can come into the kali's folder, 105 00:05:33,060 --> 00:05:36,750 ‫but kali cannot go into the root folder, okay? 106 00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:40,800 ‫Root overrides all the permission in any cases. 107 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:43,890 ‫So I can go to the documents inside of kali 108 00:05:43,890 --> 00:05:45,930 ‫and I can even create new files, 109 00:05:45,930 --> 00:05:50,930 ‫create new folders if I want to, with using Root. Okay? 110 00:05:51,210 --> 00:05:54,150 ‫And let's try that, actually. 111 00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,150 ‫Let me go back to the kali folder or the kali terminal. 112 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:03,390 ‫Once I create a new folder or new file over here 113 00:06:03,390 --> 00:06:05,880 ‫if I write ls inside of the documents 114 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:08,790 ‫as you can see there are test and test2 folders 115 00:06:08,790 --> 00:06:11,010 ‫Let me create a file. 116 00:06:11,010 --> 00:06:16,010 ‫Let's call this something like test.txt or stuff, okay? 117 00:06:17,010 --> 00:06:18,300 ‫Testroot.txt, 118 00:06:18,300 --> 00:06:23,070 ‫so that we can understand that it's created by root. Okay? 119 00:06:23,070 --> 00:06:24,840 ‫So let me go back to kali 120 00:06:24,840 --> 00:06:28,140 ‫and try to go to the kali documents folder 121 00:06:28,140 --> 00:06:30,840 ‫inside of the kali terminal. 122 00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:35,040 ‫Right now I'm inside of home, when I write this, 123 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:37,290 ‫and I can go to the kali, 124 00:06:37,290 --> 00:06:40,260 ‫and again, I can go into the documents. 125 00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:42,270 ‫By the way, I haven't mentioned before, 126 00:06:42,270 --> 00:06:45,240 ‫let me go back and show you what I mean. 127 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:47,970 ‫If I write cd.. I can go back. 128 00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:52,590 ‫If I write do and hit tab, it will autocomplete. 129 00:06:52,590 --> 00:06:54,720 ‫As you can see, if I hit tab, 130 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:57,690 ‫it will say that you want documents or downloads? 131 00:06:57,690 --> 00:07:02,670 ‫If I write doc and hit tab, it will auto complete. Okay? 132 00:07:02,670 --> 00:07:07,670 ‫So you can type faster using tab in your keyboard. 133 00:07:07,980 --> 00:07:12,720 ‫So if I write ls I can see the testroot txt. 134 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:15,450 ‫So we don't know how to open it with an editor 135 00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:16,860 ‫and edit it yet 136 00:07:16,860 --> 00:07:19,650 ‫but you will see it in the upcoming lectures. 137 00:07:19,650 --> 00:07:21,930 ‫But I cannot edit that file 138 00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:25,890 ‫because I can read it but I cannot write it. 139 00:07:25,890 --> 00:07:28,110 ‫Let me try to remove it. 140 00:07:28,110 --> 00:07:29,640 ‫As you can see it says that 141 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:33,630 ‫remove write-protected regular empty file, 142 00:07:33,630 --> 00:07:35,880 ‫so it's write protected. 143 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:39,240 ‫Only root can write it, in this case. 144 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:43,200 ‫I can try to remove it because it's in my folder, right? 145 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:47,040 ‫I'm kali and it's inside of the kali folder. 146 00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:49,470 ‫I should be able to delete it somehow, 147 00:07:49,470 --> 00:07:51,153 ‫but I couldn't manage it. 148 00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:57,033 ‫So what I can do, I can try to run rm-f or -rf, 149 00:07:59,850 --> 00:08:03,270 ‫depending on whether it's a document or folder. 150 00:08:03,270 --> 00:08:05,160 ‫It's a document right now. 151 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,100 ‫And remember, -f stands for force, 152 00:08:08,100 --> 00:08:11,910 ‫so force it to be deleted in any case. 153 00:08:11,910 --> 00:08:15,000 ‫And I can do that because it's in my folder, 154 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,520 ‫even though Root created it, I can delete it, 155 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:20,040 ‫but I cannot even write it. 156 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:22,350 ‫Okay? I cannot even edit it. 157 00:08:22,350 --> 00:08:25,320 ‫And we are gonna see it in the upcoming lectures. 158 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:26,610 ‫But the idea over here 159 00:08:26,610 --> 00:08:29,670 ‫is that root can go into any files and folders. 160 00:08:29,670 --> 00:08:32,010 ‫It can change it. It can create new files. 161 00:08:32,010 --> 00:08:35,760 ‫It can delete users. It can delete folders. 162 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:38,760 ‫It can do whatever you may want it to do. 163 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,700 ‫So root is the most privileged user 164 00:08:41,700 --> 00:08:45,420 ‫inside of a Linux system. 165 00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:47,490 ‫And depending on your situation, 166 00:08:47,490 --> 00:08:49,800 ‫you may be using root all the time. 167 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:52,830 ‫You may be using another user all the time. 168 00:08:52,830 --> 00:08:57,630 ‫But the idea is to know how to use root, okay? 169 00:08:57,630 --> 00:09:01,470 ‫You can open another root terminal if you want, 170 00:09:01,470 --> 00:09:04,620 ‫or you can just switch it to the root user. 171 00:09:04,620 --> 00:09:08,700 ‫And you can do that in the file manager as well. 172 00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:11,490 ‫So let's assume that I go into the pictures 173 00:09:11,490 --> 00:09:14,197 ‫or any other documents and stuff. 174 00:09:14,197 --> 00:09:16,320 ‫I'm still the kali user, right? 175 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,140 ‫Because I logged in as kali user. 176 00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:22,830 ‫Right now, I can try to create new files and folders 177 00:09:22,830 --> 00:09:26,010 ‫but I cannot do that in the root folder, right? 178 00:09:26,010 --> 00:09:27,627 ‫So let me go back to root. 179 00:09:27,627 --> 00:09:30,810 ‫And as you can see, it says that permission denied. 180 00:09:30,810 --> 00:09:35,790 ‫I cannot go into that, not by terminal, not by file manager. 181 00:09:35,790 --> 00:09:39,990 ‫So I can right click and say open as root. 182 00:09:39,990 --> 00:09:42,150 ‫It will ask me for my password again, 183 00:09:42,150 --> 00:09:44,760 ‫the password that I'm using for logging in 184 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:49,020 ‫and I can open the file system as root user. 185 00:09:49,020 --> 00:09:52,440 ‫So if you want to open the file system as root user, 186 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:53,880 ‫This is what you do. 187 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:56,310 ‫Right now, I can go into the root folder 188 00:09:56,310 --> 00:09:59,430 ‫and I can delete the files, delete the folders, 189 00:09:59,430 --> 00:10:03,060 ‫whatever I may want to do over here, okay? 190 00:10:03,060 --> 00:10:07,140 ‫So that's one way to leverage root as well. 191 00:10:07,140 --> 00:10:12,140 ‫So let's try to see some alternative ways to leverage root. 192 00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:15,510 ‫For example, switching from kali to root 193 00:10:15,510 --> 00:10:18,960 ‫or executing comments with sudo. 194 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:20,610 ‫Let's try to do that 195 00:10:20,610 --> 00:10:23,280 ‫because you may need to learn about those things as well 196 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:25,020 ‫in the upcoming lectures. 197 00:10:25,020 --> 00:10:25,980 ‫So what I'm going to do 198 00:10:25,980 --> 00:10:29,130 ‫I'm gonna close the root terminal over here 199 00:10:29,130 --> 00:10:30,480 ‫or just minimize it 200 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:34,680 ‫and go with the kali terminal to show you something 201 00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:39,680 ‫like becoming root without even opening the root terminal. 202 00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:41,483 ‫Okay? 203 00:10:41,483 --> 00:10:43,860 ‫So you need to learn about that as well 204 00:10:43,860 --> 00:10:46,800 ‫because once you go into the industry 205 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:48,540 ‫you will need all those skills. 206 00:10:48,540 --> 00:10:52,230 ‫So I'm gonna close this down and I'm gonna clear this thing. 207 00:10:52,230 --> 00:10:53,520 ‫I'm inside of the documents. 208 00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:56,760 ‫It doesn't even matter where am I right now 209 00:10:56,760 --> 00:11:00,840 ‫because I'm gonna go back to the root folder, okay? 210 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:03,477 ‫I'm gonna say cd.. cd.. 211 00:11:04,560 --> 00:11:08,640 ‫And I'm again gonna do that. And here you go. 212 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:11,370 ‫Now I can see the root folder over here. 213 00:11:11,370 --> 00:11:13,200 ‫Let's assume that I wanna go over there. 214 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,260 ‫Of course, I cannot do that with the kali user. 215 00:11:16,260 --> 00:11:18,960 ‫Let's assume that I really wanna go there. 216 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:23,070 ‫I really want to create a new file or folder over here, 217 00:11:23,070 --> 00:11:24,120 ‫for example. 218 00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:25,470 ‫I cannot even do that 219 00:11:25,470 --> 00:11:29,520 ‫because I'm not inside of the kali folder, okay? 220 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,610 ‫As you can see, it says permission denied. 221 00:11:32,610 --> 00:11:34,770 ‫So I cannot do that. 222 00:11:34,770 --> 00:11:36,030 ‫I cannot go into the root. 223 00:11:36,030 --> 00:11:38,670 ‫I cannot create any file and stuff. 224 00:11:38,670 --> 00:11:40,320 ‫So I need the root user. 225 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:43,080 ‫Of course, I can create a root terminal, 226 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:45,870 ‫but maybe there isn't an option to do that. 227 00:11:45,870 --> 00:11:49,650 ‫Not in kali, but maybe I'm in some kind of a Linux server, 228 00:11:49,650 --> 00:11:51,540 ‫like DBN server. 229 00:11:51,540 --> 00:11:54,240 ‫So I can write this sudo. 230 00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:57,780 ‫Sudo stands for super user do, okay? 231 00:11:57,780 --> 00:12:02,190 ‫And if I write sudo su, like switching user, sudo su, 232 00:12:02,190 --> 00:12:04,770 ‫it means that I'm gonna go back to the root 233 00:12:04,770 --> 00:12:06,870 ‫or a privileged user. 234 00:12:06,870 --> 00:12:09,690 ‫So if you do the sudo su and hit enter, 235 00:12:09,690 --> 00:12:11,910 ‫it will ask you for your password. 236 00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:13,920 ‫And if you give your password 237 00:12:13,920 --> 00:12:17,280 ‫and it won't show up in the terminal, by the way, 238 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:22,170 ‫but if you write it and hit enter, it will just accept it. 239 00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:24,720 ‫It won't show up because of the security reasons, 240 00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:26,010 ‫but it will accept it. 241 00:12:26,010 --> 00:12:29,850 ‫And here you go. Now I am root. 242 00:12:29,850 --> 00:12:33,660 ‫So you can use this to exit out of the root 243 00:12:33,660 --> 00:12:36,660 ‫and go back to the kali if you want. 244 00:12:36,660 --> 00:12:40,560 ‫So you can actually switch the users using su comment 245 00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:44,250 ‫or sudo su comment, depending on the situation. 246 00:12:44,250 --> 00:12:45,083 ‫For example, 247 00:12:45,083 --> 00:12:49,080 ‫we are gonna see a comment called apt update, apt install 248 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,180 ‫which is the package manager of Linux. 249 00:12:51,180 --> 00:12:54,840 ‫And you cannot even do that with the kali. 250 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:57,930 ‫You can either go sudo su and become root 251 00:12:57,930 --> 00:13:02,190 ‫or you can go sudo apt install or sudo apt update 252 00:13:02,190 --> 00:13:04,980 ‫which means that run this comment, 253 00:13:04,980 --> 00:13:06,990 ‫but run this as an administrator 254 00:13:06,990 --> 00:13:10,260 ‫or run this as a root user, okay? 255 00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:12,660 ‫It will again ask you for your password 256 00:13:12,660 --> 00:13:14,970 ‫and you can give it and execute the command. 257 00:13:14,970 --> 00:13:17,400 ‫So depending on your situation, 258 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:21,900 ‫you may want to run the commands with sudo in front of them 259 00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:24,720 ‫or you can just become root 260 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:29,720 ‫and execute the comment without giving anything before it 261 00:13:31,560 --> 00:13:33,030 ‫in the terminal. 262 00:13:33,030 --> 00:13:36,750 ‫But you need to understand this thing, okay? 263 00:13:36,750 --> 00:13:39,600 ‫You need to be fluent in this thing. 264 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,620 ‫Root is the most privileged user in any Linux system 265 00:13:43,620 --> 00:13:47,160 ‫and you can use the sudo comment 266 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:48,930 ‫in order to execute things 267 00:13:48,930 --> 00:13:51,720 ‫with the administrator privileges. 268 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,780 ‫And you can write sudo su to become root. 269 00:13:54,780 --> 00:13:57,000 ‫And you can even open a root emulator 270 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:01,110 ‫and even a root file system 271 00:14:01,110 --> 00:14:04,770 ‫in order to browse through the files and folders. 272 00:14:04,770 --> 00:14:08,850 ‫So if you get like a permission error using the Linux 273 00:14:08,850 --> 00:14:11,730 ‫in any time, not for cyber security, 274 00:14:11,730 --> 00:14:13,620 ‫it means that you are not privileged 275 00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:16,410 ‫to do that kind of operation. 276 00:14:16,410 --> 00:14:18,960 ‫It means that you have to become root 277 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:22,140 ‫and then execute that command later on. 278 00:14:22,140 --> 00:14:25,140 ‫Now, if you understand that, it's great. 279 00:14:25,140 --> 00:14:28,080 ‫Now, if you see me using root user throughout the course 280 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:31,080 ‫make sure you open the root terminal or sudo su 281 00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:33,810 ‫and do the exact same steps with me. 282 00:14:33,810 --> 00:14:35,580 ‫That's all there is. 283 00:14:35,580 --> 00:14:36,720 ‫We're gonna stop here 284 00:14:36,720 --> 00:14:39,513 ‫and continue within the next lecture together.